Definition of Voice and the rules of voice Change
Voice Change
Q: What is Voice?
Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it.
[ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশ ভঙ্গি বলে দেই কাজটী নিজে করছে, না, কর্তার দ্বারা কোনও কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।]
Voice বা বাচ্য তিন রকমের – 1) Active 2)Passive 3) Quasi-Passive
Active voice: কর্তা যখন নিজেই ক্রিয়ার কাজ সম্পন্ন করে, তখন ক্রিয়া active voice থাকে।
যেমন: I do this work. He does this work.
Passive Voice: কর্তার দ্বারা যখন কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়, তখন ক্রিয়ার Passive Voice হয়। এখানে কর্তার তুলনায় কর্মের গুরুত্ব বেশি।
যেমন: This work is done by me. This work is done by him.
Quasi-passive: Quasi-passive গঠনরীতিতে Active কিন্তু অর্থের দিক থেকে Passive; একে নিম্নলিখিত উপায়ে Passive Form-এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়।
A) Verbs with complement:
Active: Honey testes sweet.
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
Active: The rose smells sweet.
Passive: The rose sweet when it is smelt.
Active: The stone feels rough.
Passive: The stone is rough when it is felt.
B) Verbs without a complement:
Active: The trumpets are sounding.
Passive: The trumpets are being sounded.
Active: The drums are beating.
Passive: The drums being beaten.
Active—Passive Relation:
Subject Verb Object
Active: Rina opened. the door.
Passive: The door was opened by Rina.
RULES FOR CHANGING ACTIVE VOICE INTO PASSIVE
1) Active voice-এর object passive voice-এ subject হয়।
2) Active voice-এর subject passive voice-এ object হয়। (তার আগে by বসে )
Active: Rina opened the door.
Passive: The door was opened by Rina.
3) Active voice এর যদি কোনো verb এর দুটি object থাকে, তাহলে একটি object কে subject করে অপরটিকে object রূপে রাখতে হয়।
যেমন: Active: He gave me a pen.
Passive: A pen was given to me by him.
Or, I was given a pen by him.
4) কোনো simple sentence-এ double passive করা উচিত নয়, অবশ্য complex sentence-এ principal এবং subordinate দুটো clause-এরই passive করতে হয় যদি দুটি clause-এ transitive verb থাকে।
যেমন:
Active: They proposed to hold a meeting.
Passive: It is proposed by them to hold a meeting. (Not- A meeting was proposed to be held by them)
Active: We know that Columbus discovered America.
Passive: It is known to us that America was discovered by Columbus.
Active: We hoped that we shall finish the work in time.
Passive: It is hoped that the work will be finished in time.
5) Active voice এর adverbials বাক্যের শেষে থাকলে তা Passive voice এও শেষে থাকবে।
যেমন:
Active: He will finish the work in a week.
Passive: The work will be finished by him in week.
6) Active voice-এর মূল verb টি passive voice-এর past participle-এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং তার পূর্বে be verb-এর প্রয়োজনীয় form বসে।
VERB PATTERNS OF PASSIVE VOICE
Present Indefinite
Active Passive
v1(s/es) am/is/are+v3
I play football. Football is played by me.
Present Continuous
Active Passive
am/is/are+(v1+ing) am/is/are + being + v3
I am playing football. Football is being played by me.
Present perfect
Active Passive
have/has+v3. have/has+ been+v3
I have played football. Football has been played by me.
Past indefinite
Active Passive
v2. was/were +v3
I played football. Football was played by me.
Past Continuous
Active. Passive
was/were+(v1+ing). was/were+ being+v3
I was playing football. Football was being played by me.
Past perfect
Active. Passive
had+v3. had+ been+ v3
I had played football. Football had been played by me.
Future
Active Passive
shall/will+v1. shall/will +be +v3
I shall play football. Football will be played by me.
shall/will+have+v3 shall/will+ have+ been+ v3
I shall have played football. Football will have been played by me.
OBJECTIVE FORM OF PRONOUNS
Subject Object Subject Object
I me He him
We us She her
You you They them
VOICE CHANGE OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
Active Passive
I do the work. The work is done by me.
Bittu helped her. She was helped by Bittu.
Reba is singing a song. A song is being sung by Reba.
You will play football. Football will be played by you.
She would sing a song. A song would be sung by her.
They had seen the picture. The picture had been seen by them.
EXERCISE
(1) The movie fascinates me. (2) The movie bores Jack. (3) The movie surprises them. 4) The movie bored me.(5) The movie fascinated Janu. (6) The movie surprised them. (7) I am helping Shanu. (8) Jane is helping Suresh and Lily.(9) I am cleaning the bathroom. (10) They were cleaning the bedroom. (11) Surabhi was cleaning the kitchen and gallery. (12) I have mailed the gift. (13) Janu has mailed the gifts. (14) Jack had directed the movie. (15) Prem had directed those movies. (16) Johni will have finished the project next month. (17) They will have finished the projects before then. (18) I will mail the gift. (19) Janu will mail the gifts. (20) I am going to make the cake. (21) Surbhi is going to make two cakes.
VOICE CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Imperative sentence –এ আদেশ বোঝালে বাক্যের প্রথমে এ Let যোগ করে passive করা হয় এবং মূল verb এর past participle –এর পূর্বে be verb যুক্ত হয়। অথবা You are ordered to +V-I+ object
Example:
Active: Do this work.
Passive: Let this work be done.
Active: Open the door.
Passive: Let the door be opened.
Active: Shut the door.
Passive:Let the door be shut.
Active: Get out of this office.
Passive: You are ordered to get out of this office.
আর যদি পরামর্শ বা suggestion বোঝায় should +be verb সাহায্যে passive করা হয়।
Example: Active: Keep your word.
Passive : Your word should be kept.
Active: Obey your teacher.
Passive : Your teacher should be obeyed.
Active: Love the children.
Passive : The children should be loved.
Active : Prepare for the worst.
Passive : Be/Get prepared for the worst.
আর যদি imperative sentence এর active voice এ ‘please’ কথাটি থাকে অর্থাত্ অনুরোধ বা request বোঝাই তাহলে passive এ ‘you are requested’ কথাগুলি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example: Active: Please do this work.
Passive : You are requested to do this work.
Active: Please go there.
Passive : You are requested to go there.
আর যদি imperative sentence এর active voice এ উপদেশ বা advice বোঝাই তাহলে passive এ ‘you are advised to’ কথাগুলি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example: Active: Work hard.
Passive : You are advised to work hard.
Active : Get up early .
Passive: You are advised to get up early.
Active: Do not smoke.
Passive : You are advised not to smoke.
Active : Be careful.
Passive : You are advised to be careful.
Active: Think before you speak.
Passive : You are advised to think before you speak.
Passive of Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences সাধারণত দুই রকমের -
(1) Yes / No questions. (2) Wh-questions.
Interrogative sentence এর passive voice-ও interrogative sentence হয়। এধরনের বাক্য যদি Do verb অথবা অন্য কোনো auxiliary verb দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তাহলে প্রথমে তাকে Assertive sentence-এ পরিণত করে তারপর তাকে interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তণ করা সুবিধাজনক। তবে যদি Wh word দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তাহলে সহজেই Passive-এ পরিবর্তণ করা যায়।
YES-NO QUESTIONS
[ By Placing The Helping Verb First ]
Active: Do you see the bird? তুমি কি পাখিটা দেখছ?
[Assertive: You see the bird. The bird is seen by you.]
Passive: Is the bird seen by you?
Active: Did you see the man? তুমি কি লোকটিকে দেখেছিলে?
Assertive: [You saw the man. The man was seen by you.]
Passive: Was the man seen by you?
Active: Has he done it? সে কি এটা করেছে?
Passive: Has it been done by him?
Active: Have you read the book? তুমি কি বইটা পড়েছ?
Passive: Has the book been read by you?
Modal Auxiliary verb দিয়ে কোনও question শুরু হলে passive voice এর গঠন এমন হয়
Modal Auxiliary + Subject + be + V-III + by + agent ?
Example:
Active: Can she control the situation ?
Passive : Can the situation be controlled by her ?
Active :May he cross the river?
Passive : May the river be crossed by him?
Active: Should he cut the wood ?
Passive : Should the wood be cut by him?
Active: Will you steal the book ?
Passive: Will the book be stolen by you?
Active: Will they win the match?
Passive : Will the match be won by them?
Active: Would you repair the car?
Passive : Would the car be repaired by you?
'WH'-QUESTIONS
[By Placing The WH-word First]
Active: Who gave you the ice-cream? কে তোমাকে আইসক্রিম দিয়েছিল?
Passive: By whom were you given the ice-cream?
Active: Whom did you call?
Passive: Who was called by you?
Active: What do you want? তুমি কী চাও?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
Active: Why did the teacher punish you? শিক্ষক কেন তোমাকে শাস্তি দিয়েছি
Passive: Why were you punished by the teacher?
Active: Which book do you want? তুমি কোন্ বইটি চাও?
Passive: Which book is wanted by you?
Active: How did you do it? এটা তুমি কীভাবে করলে?
Passive: How was it done by you?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
[ By Placing 'NOT' before The Past Participle of The Verb ]
Active : I do not like puffed rice. আমি মুড়ি ভালোবাসি না।
Passive: Puffed rice is not liked by me.
Active: The boy did not break the glass. ছেলেটি গ্লাস ভাঙেনি।
Passive: The glass was not broken by the boy.
Active: I have not given him the letter. আমি তাকে চিঠি দিইনি।
Passive: The letter has not been given him by me.
Or, He has not been given the letter by me. ['The letter'-Retained Object] Active
Active: Has he not seen the picture? সে কি ছবিটা দেখেনি?
Passive Has not the picture been seen by him?
Active: Had you not called him? তুমি কি তাকে ডাকোনি?
Passive: Had he not been called by you?
['not' is usually placed before a noun and after a pronoun in questions.
Active: Reba will not call you. রেবা তোমাকে ডাকবে না
Passive: You will not be called by Reba. ['not' before 'be called' in future tense]
Intransitive Verbs used as a group verb:
Active: We should not laugh at a lame man. Passive: A lame man should not be laughed at by us.
Active: We must listen to our teachers. Passive: Our teachers must be listened to (by us).
Active: We talked of them. Passive: They were talked of by us.
Passive of Infinitives (to + verb)
Active: There are lots of things to do. Passive: There are lots of things to be done.
Active: There is no time to lose. Passive: There is no time to be lost.
Active: You have to admit this. Passive: This has to be admitted by you.
Active: I am to make a telephone call. Passive: A telephone call is to be made by me.
Active: You are to make this arrangement. Passive: This arrangement is to be made by you.
SOME PECULIARITIES IN VOICE
Active: One should keep one's promise. Passive: A promise should be kept. (by one-omitted)
Active: Someone has stolen my purse. Passive: My purse has been stolen. (by someone omitted)
Active: Circumstances obliged me to go. Passive: I was obliged to go. (by circumstances-omitted)
Active: We can gain nothing without labour. Passive: Nothing can be gained without labour.
Active: Why did they refuse him admittance? Passive: Why was he refused admittance?
Active: We should not encourage indiscipline. Passive: Indiscipline should not be encouraged.
Active: Mother looked after the boy. Passive: The boy was looked after by mother.
Active: He has worked out the answer correctly. Passive: The answer has been correctly worked out by him.
Active: Someone built this building in 1990. Passive: This building was built in 1990.
Active: Dr. Das presided over the meeting. Passive: The meeting was presided over by Dr. Das.
Active: People consider me honest. Passive: I am considered honest. (by people omitted)
Active: We ought to help the poor. Passive: The poor ought to be helped by us.
Active: People believe that you know. Passive: It is supposed that you know.
Active: We will not admit children under ten. Passive: Children under ten will not be admitted by us.
Active: It is time to do your duty. Passive: It is time for your duty to be done.
Active: I know him. Passive: He is known to me.
EXERCISE
The boy is flying a kite. (2) You are reading this lesson. (3) We are not wasting our time. (4) The farmers are reaping the crops. (5) The girls are drawing the pictures. (6) He is deceiving me. (7) The grandmother was telling a story. (8) We were expecting good news. (9) The magician was showing tricks. (10) The students were solving the sums. (11) The fruit-seller sells fruit. (12) The teacher calls the roll. (13) My friends help me. (14) The doctor treats the patients. (15) Children like sweets. (16) He writes poems. (17) Everybody worships the rising Sun. (18) I do not understand this question. (19) He does not obey his parents. (20) He sang a song. (21) My friends helped me. (22) She did not like the sari. (23) They wrote letters. (24) The teacher corrected our notebooks. (25) A large crowd cheered the players. (26) The teacher will teach a new lesson today. (27) The labourers will repair the road. 28) We shall serve our country. (29) She will help us. (30) They will not disobey me. (31) Post this letter. (32) Never tell a lie. (33) Tell him to go. (34) Do not pluck flowers. (35) Cut your coat according to your cloth. (36) Let him sing a song. (37) Please shut the door. (38) Kindly grant me leave. (39) Hurry up, please. (40) Work hard. (41) Do not smoke. (42) Stand up on the bench. (43) Do they like their teachers? (44) Does this shopkeeper sell grocery? (45) Did they win the match? (46) Did you grow vegetables? (47) Is he running a race? (48) Were they singing songs? (49) What does this word mean? (50) Why do you blame us? (51) Who teaches you English? (52) Can you solve this sum? 53) I shall have saved enough money to buy a house by 1990. (54) He will have advised me. (5) He can help you. (56) The child could not climb the tree. 57) You may return the book next week. (58) They might win the match. (59) We should obey our parents. (60) He would make no promise. (61) We ought to respect our teachers. (62) You must do your duty. (63) You could have solved the sum. (64) He should have helped his friend. (65) I would have attended the meeting but for the rain. (66) Father must have taken away the purse.
Change the following sentences into Active voice from the Passive:
(1) The plants are being watered by the gardener. (2) He is not hated by me. (3) Were you consulted by him? (4) Your kindness will never be forgotten by me. (5) The room is being swept by the sweeper. (6) Good news was being expected by us. (7) We have been insulted by her. (8) The clerk had been bribed by them. 9) Will the lesson have been taught by the teacher? (10) The poor must be helped by the rich. (11) Let the poor not be teased. (12) He was offered a good job by the management. (13) The matter is being looked into by the judge. (14) The minister was being waited for by the people. (15) We were shocked at the news of his death.
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